Abstract
“The global order is undergoing a profound transformation driven by economic instability, geopolitical tensions, technological change, and ecological crisis. Four decades of neoliberal restructuring have produced a structural crisis of labour, marked by deepening inequality, the erosion of collective rights, and the fragmentation of class-based solidarity. Authoritarian neoliberal governance has narrowed democratic space while expanding the global mobility of capital, intensifying precarity and exploitation, particularly in peripheral economies.